Fig. 4: Electrolytic characteristics and stability of PMCM-2.

a Parameters related to water electrolysis and their schematic diagrams. b Variation of electrolytic performance (without iR compensation, and electrode area of 4 cm2) of PMCM-2 with electrolysis temperature at 30 wt % KOH as electrolyte. c Variation of electrolytic performance (without iR compensation) of membranes (PMCM-2 and UTP-500) with different electrodes (both cathode and anode are Ni foam; cathode is NiCoP and anode is NiFe-LDH; electrode area of 4 cm2) at 80 °C with 30 wt % KOH as electrolyte. d Long-term durability test (without iR compensation) of PMCM-2 under 1.0 A cm−2 (both cathode and anode are Ni foam) and 2.0 A cm−2 (cathode is NiCoP and anode is NiFe-LDH and electrode area of 4 cm2) at 80 °C with 30 wt % KOH as electrolyte. e Surface layer morphology of PMCM-2 after long-term electrolysis. f Variation of C element on the surface of PMCM-2 before and after long-term electrolysis. g BPP (the wetting solution is ethanol) of PMCM-2 before and after long-term electrolysis.