Fig. 2: DFT calculation of formation energy for the substitution of Cs with Rb and K at A-site.

a Schematic drawing of Rb or K replacing Cs at A-site in the model without Al2O3. b Formation energy of Rb or K replacing Cs at A-site. c Schematic drawing of Rb or K replacing Cs at A-site in the model with Al2O3. d Formation energy of Rb or K replacing Cs at A-site in the bulk of CsPbBr3. e Formation energy of Rb or K replacing Cs at A-site at the interface of CsPbBr3 and Al2O3.