Fig. 4: Association between baseline frailty status with incident CVD across subgroups.

Note: Subgroup analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models (Model 4). Age was categorized into two groups (50–64 and ≥65 years). All models were adjusted for age, sex, education, employment status, marital status, co-residence with children, smoking, drinking, social activity, and physical activity. In the SHARE and pooled cohorts, country was included as a covariate. For detailed sample sizes, please refer to Table 1. Each circle represents the HR for a specific group, and the horizontal line through the circle denotes the 95% CI. The vertical dashed line represents the null value of HR = 1. Arrows indicate confidence intervals exceeding the plotting range.