Fig. 1: Synthesis and characterization of ZnO1-x-Cu2O/Cu.

a Schematic illustration of the synthetic route with the Pourbaix diagram (Orange represents Cu0, magenta represents Cu2+, pink represents the mixture of Cu+ and Cu0, and blue represents ZnO). b EDS-mapping of Zn and Cu elements for ZnO/CuO. c EDS-mapping of Zn and Cu elements for ZnO1-x/Cu. d EDS-mapping of Zn and Cu elements for ZnO1-x-Cu2O/Cu. e The Zn-O-Zn and Cu-Cu coordination numbers of the ZnO1-x-Cu2O/Cu, ZnO1-x/Cu, and ZnO/CuO characterized by extended X-ray adsorption fine structure analysis. f Cu LMM AES spectra of the ZnO1-x-Cu2O/Cu, ZnO1-x/Cu and ZnO/CuO. g Zn LMM AES spectra of the ZnO1-x-Cu2O/Cu, ZnO1-x/Cu and ZnO/CuO. Relevant source data are provided as a Source Data file.