Table 1 Comparison of the stability of different ionic conductors at extreme environments, area strain, and DEAs’ lifetime

Ionic conductor	Temperature			Humidity			Electric field^c	Area strain (%)	DEAs lifetime
Ionic conductor	−27 °C^a	25 °C^b	123 °C^c	10% RH^b	40% RH^b	70% RH^b	Electric field^c	Area strain (%)	DEAs lifetime
Hydrogel	×	×	×	×	×	√	×	18.1	Short
Ionogel	×	√	×	√	√	√	×	23.1	Short
EG gel	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	54.9	Long

^a indicates the strain area, ^b indicates the storage lifetime, ^c indicates the working lifetime. × indicates the strain area less than 5% or the storage lifetime less than 1 day or the working lifetime less than 1 min. The data are from manuscript and supporting information. Comparison of the stability of different ionic conductors at extreme environments, area strain, and DEAs’ lifetime. The water froze at −27 °C and evaporated quickly at 25 °C and 123 °C, which led to a short lifetime of DEAs. The ionic liquid was easy to leak under an electric field or at high temperatures (123 °C), which also led to a short lifetime of DEAs. Due to the low ionic conductivity and increased Young’s modulus, DEAs with ionogel electrodes showed poor performance at low temperatures (−27 °C). The EG gel ionic conductors were stable at extreme environments and had a large area strain and a very long lifetime of DEAs.

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