Fig. 1: Abstraction hierarchy of biofoundry operations across four levels: project (level 0), service/capability (level 1), workflow (level 2), and unit operation (level 3).

Each workflow corresponds to a modular step in the DBTL cycle and consists of linked unit operations mapped to devices. The diagram highlights how project goals are translated into executable protocols, ensuring clarity and interoperability from high-level intent to low-level execution.