Fig. 2: Catalytic performance assessment of the HTiNbO5-X membranes.

a 1H NMR spectra measured for the permeation solution through HTiNbO5-X membranes with different interlayer spacing (d). b The conversion and reaction time for HTiNbO5-X membranes with different interlayer spacing. c The conversion and reaction time for HTiNbO5-X membranes (interlayer spacing of 12.1 Å) with different thicknesses. d Comparison of turnover number (TON) for bulk reaction and confined reaction. Confined reaction condition: HTiNbO5-X membrane, benzyl alcohol (0.2 M) and acetic anhydride (0.3 M) in CH3CN (10 mL) at 23 °C. Bulk reaction condition: HTiNbO5-X nanosheets (10 mg), benzyl alcohol (0.2 M) and acetic anhydride (0.3 M) in CH3CN (10 mL) at 23 °C for 24 h. e Comparison of reaction temperature, reaction time, conversion and TON of HTiNbO5-X membranes with those of other catalysts. All the references associated with this plot are tabulated in Supplementary Table 4. Error bars represent standard deviation of three measurements.