Fig. 5: Comparing neurofunctional decoders for affective arousal and autonomic arousal.

a During a Pavlovian threat conditioning fMRI task (study 24, n = 58), the developed autonomic arousal signature could classify CS+ (associated with high GSR) versus CS− (associated with low GSR) (shown as two-alternative forced-choice classification accuracy and Cohen’s d). b In study 26 (n = 43), BAAS more accurately discriminates high anxious arousal experience from low anxious arousal experience, while autonomic arousal more accurately discriminates high autonomic arousal from low autonomic arousal (shown as two-alternative forced-choice classification accuracy and Cohen’s d). c Scatter plot displaying normalized voxel weights for affective arousal (BAAS, x-axis) and autonomic arousal (AAS, y-axis) signatures. Bars on the right side represent the sum of squared distances from the origin (0,0) for each Octant. Each Octant is assigned a different color, indicating voxels with shared positive or shared negative weights (Octants 2 and 6, respectively). Octant 1 represents selectively positive weights for the positive affect signature, Octant 3 represents selectively positive weights for the negative affect signature, Octant 5 represents selectively negative weights for the positive affect signature, Octant 7 represents selectively negative weights for the negative affect signature, and Octants 4 and 8 represent voxels with opposite weights for the two neural signatures. The numbers at the top of each bar indicate the number of voxels in each Octant. d Regions present a significant prediction of subjective affective arousal ratings and GSR. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ^NS P > 0.05. P values in forced-choice tests were based on two-sided binomial tests. BAAS Brain affective arousal signature, GSR Galvanic skin response, CS conditioned stimulus. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.