Fig. 2: Fabrication and characterizations of Mn/TI@mHSA.

Representative TEM images of a Mn@mHSA, b TI@mHSA, and c Mn/TI@mHSA NPs. Scale bar = 50 nm. d EDX analysis indicating the elemental composition of Mn/TI@mHSA NPs. Scale bar = 50 nm. e Representative DLS results demonstrating the hydrodynamic diameters of Mn@mHSA, TI@mHSA, and Mn/TI@mHSA NPs. f Dispersion stability of Mn/TI@mHSA-N and Mn/TI@mHSA NPs in PBS (pH 7.4), measured by DLS. DLS analysis showing the hydrodynamic diameters of g Mn/TI@mHSA and h Mn/TI@mHSA-N NPs in PBS with or without H₂O₂ (10 mM). i Representative TEM images of Mn/TI@mHSA NPs exposed to H₂O₂ (10 mM) for different time. Scale bar = 100 nm. j) XPS analysis of Mn/TI@mHSA NPs. k Detailed Mn2p XPS spectrum of Mn/TI@mHSA NPs. l Oxygen generation capabilities and m percentage of H₂O₂ elimination catalyzed by the CAT-like activity of various NPs. n Percentage of superoxide radical elimination catalyzed by the SOD-like activity of various NPs. o ESR spectra illustrating ·OH scavenging ability of various NPs using DMPO as a spin trap agent. p Percentage of peroxide elimination catalyzed by the GSH-Px mimetic activity of various NP formulations. For (l–p), NP doses were standardized to 20 µg mL⁻¹ of Mn. q Schematic illustrating the multifaceted enzymatic activities of Mn/TI@mHSA. For (a–d, i), experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. For (f, l, m, n, p), Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.