Fig. 1: Temporal dynamics of global land cover conversions (1981–2019) derived from the HILDA+ dataset.
Annual area variations of six land cover categories: a forest, b cropland, c pasture, d grass/shrubland, e urban, and f other land. The vertical axis represents the annual areal change relative to the 1981 baseline (unit: 105 km2), where positive values indicate gain through conversion to the focal category and negative values denote loss via conversion from the category. Blue and red lines respectively represent gross gains (total area converted into the category) and gross losses (total area converted out), with the purple line showing net change (gains minus losses).
