Fig. 2: Characterization and cellular uptake evaluation of the core-shell nanoparticles.

a representative images IF staining and b FCM analysis of the internalization of various mass ratios of PEI_25k-GalNAc to Cy5-labeled siRNA (red) following overnight incubation with RAW 264.7 macrophage cells (n = 3). Scale bar: 10 μm. c IF staining and d FCM analysis of the internalization of different mass ratios of PEI_25k-GalNAc to Cy5-labeled siRNA complexes after an overnight incubation with Hepa 1–6 hepatocytes (n = 3). Scale bar: 10 μm. e IF staining and f FCM analysis of the internalization of varied mass ratios of mPEG₁₁₃-b-PLys₁₂₀-HPBA with a constant 2:1 mass ratio of PEI_25k-GalNAc to Cy5-labeled siRNA, comparing conditions with or without 200 μM H₂O₂ supplementation in Hepa 1–6 cells. Scale bar: 10 μm. g Size distribution and TEM images showcasing: g PEI_25k@siRNA, h PEI_25k-GalNAc@siRNA, i PPH-PEI/GalNAc@siRNA, and j PPH-PEI/GalNAc@siRNA after 4 h incubation with 200 μM H₂O₂ at room temperature. Scale bar for TEM images: 100 nm. k Zeta potential values of PPH-PEI/GalNAc@siRNA under conditions with or without 200 μM H₂O₂, in conjunction with varying mass ratios of mPEG₁₁₃-b-PLys₁₂₀-HPBA to PEI_25k-GalNAc@siRNA (n = 3). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.