Fig. 3: Effects of the BSA concentration and assembly time on the assembly behaviors of GNDs.

a, d Absorption, b, e CD, and c, f g-factor spectra of GND assemblies obtained a–c with an assembly time of ~ 2 h at different BSA concentrations and d–f with different assembly times at a BSA concentration of 158 nM. Distributions of g the numbers of GNDs per oligomers and h the junction configurations in the assemblies at varied assembly times ([BSA] = 158 nM). i SEM images of silica coated SSAs with different GND numbers per oligomer. Red and blue arrows indicate the R-type and L-type junctions, respectively. The self-assembly process was conducted at 25 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.