Fig. 2: Profiling and characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) in sepsis patients with and without AKI.

A Western blot analysis confirming the presence of uEV markers Alix, TSG101, and CD81 (Non_AKI, n = 3, AKI, n = 3). uEVs samples purified from equal volume of 24-h urine were loaded. Data are presented as mean with SD (Paired two-tailed t-test); B uEV particle counts in the non-AKI and AKI groups of sepsis patients detected by SBI EV quantitation kit (Non_AKI, n = 6, AKI, n = 6, paired two-tailed t-test); Morphology and size characterization of uEV from AKI patients were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (C) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) (D), the experiment was repeated three times; E Dimensionality reduction clustering analysis identifying 32 distinct uEV subclusters; F Distribution patterns of the 32 uEV subclusters in SA-AKI and non-AKI groups; G Protein characterization of the top two proteins for the main uEV subclusters, highlighting their unique protein signature. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.