Fig. 6: The self-reinforced CO2 concentration gradient effect within CL.

a Comparison of modeled CO2 concentration along the CL for PC NSs (left), Ni-CNTs/PC (middle), and bare Ni-CNTs (right). The color bar represents the concentration of CO2. DRT plots for b Ni-CNTs30/PC, c Ni-CNTs60/PC, and d Ni-CNTs180/PC in MEA. e Time-dependent local CO2 concentration during the low-concentration CO2RR on Ni-CNTs30/PC, Ni-CNTs60/PC, and Ni-CNTs180/PC. f Proposed mechanism in Ni-CNTs/PC for enhancing CO2 transport across GBL and CL in low-concentration CO2RR through a self-reinforced CO2 concentration gradient. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.