Fig. 2: Bicarbonate heating-driven insulin DBS.
From: Spatially constrained disulfide bond shuffling delays insulin aggregation and enhances neurotoxicity
a Primary structure of native human insulin. b Workflow for bicarbonate heating-driven insulin DBS. c Characterization of insulin DBS products with non-reducing, denaturing gel electrophoresis. Results in c were validated through three independent experimental replicates, establishing methodological reproducibility. d Representative IM-MS heatmap and isotopic distribution for insulin DBS products (50 mM bicarbonate, 50 °C, 4 h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
