Fig. 5: ECO2RR in strongly acidic media.

a Schematic diagram of the flow cell electrolyzer. b FECOs of Nin-C/Cl, Zn1-C/Cl, and Ni1-C/Cl at different applied current densities. c jCOs of Nin-C/Cl, Zn1-C/Cl, and Ni1-C/Cl at different applied current densities. d Long-term stability test of Ni1-C/Cl in flow cell. e Ecells in flow cell and MEA at different applied current densities using Ni1-C/Cl as the cathodic electrocatalyst. f FECOs of Ni1-C/Cl at different applied current densities in MEA. g Long-term stability test of Ni1-C/Cl in MEA. The flow rate of CO2 inlet was 20 sccm. The measured resistances of flow cell and MEA electrolyzers containing 0.05 M K2SO4 electrolyte were 4.37 ± 0.31 Ω and 0.60 ± 0.01 Ω, respectively. The Ecells were recorded without iR compensation. The error bars correspond to the standard deviations were acquired based on three independent experiments under the same testing conditions. Source data are provided as a Source data file.