Fig. 4: In vitro sensing evaluation of CAR.

a, b NIR-I chemiluminescence and fluorescence spectra of CAR (20 μM) in the absence or presence of NAG (40 mU) in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). Inset: The corresponding fluorescence and chemiluminescence images using the IVIS spectrum imaging system. c Michaelis-Menten saturation curve for NAG (10 mU) toward CAR (10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 μM) in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). d NIR-I chemiluminescence and fluorescence changes of CAR (10 μM) after incubation with ROS (40 μM), metal ions (40 μM), glutathione (GSH), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and NAG in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). e, f NIR-II chemiluminescence and fluorescence spectra of CAR (20 μM) in the absence or presence of KO₂ (80 μM) in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). g NIR-II chemiluminescence kinetic profiles of CAR in the presence of KO₂ in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). h NIR-II chemiluminescence and fluorescence changes of CAR (10 μM) after incubation with ROS (40 μM), metal ions (40 μM), GSH, β-Gal, GGT, and KO₂ (80 μM) in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4). (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). i NIR-II chemiluminescence intensities of CAR as a function of the concentration of KO₂ (0–50 nM). (n = 3, mean ± s.d.; a.u. means arbitrary units). j, k Dynamic light scattering of CAR before and after incubation with KO₂ in buffer solution. l Representative TEM images of CAR before and after incubation with KO₂ in buffer solution. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.