Fig. 2: Characterization of ZnO–PDMS micro-nano structure.

A The fabrication process of ZnO–PDMS micro-nano structure (scale bar: 1 μm). B XRD of ZnO surface. C FTIR of ZnO–PDMS surface. D Comparison of contact angle between rare Al, Al–PDMS, Al–ZnO, and Al–ZnO–PDMS surfaces. E The COMSOL simulation of a compression droplet under different contact angles (CA = 100°, 130°, and 150°). F The relationship between contact area and force of droplet compression under different contact angles of solid–liquid interface through COMSOL simulation. G The relationship between contact area and compressive displacement under different contact angles of solid–liquid interface using the mechanical model. Source data is provided as a Source Data file.