Fig. 6: Antitumor effects in a metastatic breast cancer model.

a Schematic illustration of the administration strategy in a metastatic breast cancer model. b In vivo bioluminescence imaging of mice with 4T1-Luc metastatic tumors over time (n = 6 mice). c Ex vivo IVIS fluorescence imaging of excised lung tissues (n = 5 mice). d Quantification of fluorescence intensity in lung tissues (n = 5 mice). e Serum cytokines profiling for IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-10 post-treatment. f Representative images of lung morphology post-treatment. g H&E staining of lung sections for histophathological analysis. h Survival assessment after different treatment regimens (n = 9 mice). i Flow cytometry analysis of central memory T cells (CD3⁺CD8⁺CD62L⁺CD44⁺) in peripheral blood from treated groups (n = 5 independent experiments). j Quantitative analysis of central memory T cells (CD3⁺CD8⁺CD62L⁺CD44⁺) in peripheral blood from treated groups (n = 5 independent experiments). k H&E staining of hilar LNs after different treatments (n = 3 independent experiments). l Immunofluorescence characterization of CD8, CD11c, MHC I, and Foxp3 in hilar LNs (n = 3 independent experiments). G1: PBS, G2: DOX, G3: DOX+aPD1, G4: DOX+EMVs@SS-Toy, G5: DOX+aPD1+EMVs@SS-Toy. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ^**P < 0.01 and ^****P < 0.0001 by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.