Fig. 3: Catalytic activity and therapeutic effect of FBFO@HM@aOPN in GBM cells in vitro. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Catalytic activity and therapeutic effect of FBFO@HM@aOPN in GBM cells in vitro.

From: Bioengineered hybrid dual-targeting nanoparticles reprogram the tumour microenvironment for deep glioblastoma photodynamic therapy

Fig. 3

a Flow cytometry analysis showing the internalisation of Cy5.5-labelled FBFO by CT2A GBM cells. The right image shows the quantification of Cy5.5-positive cells (n = 3 independent experiments). b CLSM image of CT2A GBM cells stained with DCFH-DA to indicate NP-induced ROS generation. Scale bar, 200 μm. Cell viability of CT2A GBM cells treated with different formulations (c) with/without 660 nm irradiation. (d) Under hypoxia/normoxia conditions (n = 3 independent experiments). e Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis analysis of CT2A GBM cells treated with different formulations under 660 nm irradiation by flow cytometry (n = 3 independent experiments). f Lipid peroxidation level of CT2A GBM cells treated with different formulations under 660 nm irradiation, as determined with a malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit (n = 3 independent experiments). g CLSM image of CALR and Hoechst costained CT2A cells treated with different formulations under 660 nm irradiation. Scale bar, 50 μm. Released h HMGB1 and i ATP detected in the cell culture supernatant of CT2A GBM cells treated with different formulations under 660 nm irradiation (n = 3 independent experiments). j Schematic illustration of ICD induced by FBFO@HM@aOPN and the potential mechanism by which it enhances immunotherapy. All the data are presented as the means ± SDs. The p values were determined via two-tailed one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test (a, c–f, h, i), p > 0.05, no significance (ns), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; and ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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