Fig. 7: ScRNA-seq analysis revealed increased immune remodelling.

a Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plot showing the 13 major cell types. The dots represent individual cells, and the colours represent different cell populations. The samples were separated according to their origin (PBS- and FBFO@HM@aSPP-treated GBM). b Cell density distribution across two tissue groups. A high relative cell density indicates bright magma. c Bar graphs displaying the relative cellular fractions of the major cell types across the two tissue groups. d Differential gene expression analysis showing up- and downregulated genes across malignant and malignant IFN subpopulations in the treated group compared with the PBS group. e Bar plot showing the results of the KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs between FBFO@HM@aSPP-treated and PBS-treated malignant cells. f UMAP plot showing the 3 BMDM subpopulations. The dots represent individual cells, and the colours represent different cell populations. g Cell density distribution across two tissue groups. A high relative cell density indicates bright magma. h Dot plot showing the gene expression of M1-like and M2-like markers. i Bar plot showing HALLMARK enrichment analyses of the DEGs between FBFO@HM@aSPP-treated and PBS-BMDM-treated cells. j GSEA showing that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched in antigen processing and presentation and positive regulation of phagocytosis in the treated group. k UMAP plot showing the 6 lymphocyte subpopulations. The dots represent individual cells, and the colours represent different cell populations. l Cell density distribution across two tissue groups. A high relative cell density indicates bright magma. m Cell density showing the expression of effector-related genes. A high relative cell density indicates bright magma. n Enriched pathways of DEGs across different lymphocyte subpopulations. Colours from blue to red indicate the absolute value of the DE score from low to high. o Dot plot showing the gene expression of immune checkpoints and effectors. p Visualisation of the main senders and receivers of cell clusters in the 2D space of the (CD80/CD86) and (MHC-I and MHC-II) pathways.