Fig. 8: FBFO@HM@aOPN enhanced antitumour immunity in vivo.

a Flow cytometry analysis of the proportions of (left) CD86⁺ (middle) MHCI⁺ and (right) CD206⁺ among f4/80⁺ CD45⁺ cells from CT2A-bearing brain tissues treated with different formulations under 660-nm irradiation (n = 5 mice for each group). Flow cytometry analysis of the proportions of (b) CD3⁺ T cells, (c) NK1.1⁺ CD3- NK cells, (d) CD3⁺ CD8⁺ TILs, and (e) GZMB⁺ TILs among the CD45⁺ cells from CT2A-bearing brain tissues treated with different formulations under 660 nm irradiation (n = 5 mice for each group). Flow cytometry analysis of the proportions of (f) central memory T cells (TCM, CD3⁺ CD44⁺ CD62L⁺) and (g) effector memory T cells (TEM, CD3⁺ CD44⁺ CD62L^-) in CT2A-bearing spleens treated with different formulations under 660-nm irradiation (n = 5 mice for each group). h Bubble chart showing the interactions between PD-1/PD-L1 activity (released by TAMs and the parasite) and PD-L1 receptor expression (expressed by lymphocyte cell subtypes) in treated and PBS-treated samples. i Schematic illustration of the experimental design for postsurgical recurrence challenge in CT2A GBM tumours. (j) Representative bioluminescence image and (k) fluorescence intensity quantification (right), as well as (l) Kaplan–Meier survival curve of luciferase-expressing CT2A-bearing mice subjected to different treatments under 660-nm irradiation (n = 5 mice in each group). m Flow cytometry analysis of the proportions of (left) CD3⁺ T cells, (middle) IFN-γ + T cells, and (right) GZMB⁺ TILs among CD45⁺ cells from CT2A-bearing brain tissues treated with different formulations under 660-nm irradiation (n = 5 mice for each group). All the data are presented as the means ± SDs. The p values were determined via two-tailed one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test (a–g, k, m). For l, p values are calculated via the log-rank (Mantel‒Cox) test. p > 0.05, not significant (ns), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; and ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.