Fig. 6: Panx1 promotes ER-to-mitochondria Ca²⁺ transfer and induces senescence.

a, b Analysis of Ca²⁺ levels in irradiated HK-2 cells after Panx1 knockdown. a ER Ca²⁺ levels (Mag-Fluo4) showing the fluorescent trace over time, baseline signal, and the difference between signal and endpoint. b Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels (Rhod2) showing the fluorescent trace over time, baseline signal, and the peak-to-baseline difference. Analysis of Ca²⁺ levels in Panx1-overexpressing HK-2 cells, showing c ER Ca²⁺ levels, and d mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels. e Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels after MCU knockdown in Panx1-overexpressing cells. For a–e, line graphs show the mean trace ± SEM from n = 3 independent experiments. f Representative images of EdU and SA-β-Gal staining after MCU knockdown. Images are representative of n = 3 independent biological replicates. Scale bars, 50 µm (EdU); 100 µm (SA-β-Gal). g Relative mRNA levels of senescence markers (Cdkn2a, Cdkn1a, and Tp53). h Relative mRNA levels of SASP factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β). For g, h data are from n = 6 independent biological replicates. Data in bar graphs are presented as means ± SD. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s correction for multiple comparisons (a, b, e, g, h) or a two-sided Student’s t-test (c, d). Exact P values are provided in the Source Data file. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. NS, not significant.