Fig. 4: Mitigation of N₂O emission through predominant infection by incompatibility-bypassing bradyrhizobia strains with high N₂OR activity.

Nodule occupancy rates of USDA6, USDA110, USDA122, and incompatibility-bypassing rhizobial strains in Rj2/GmNNL1 and rj2/Gmnnl1 soybean lines inoculated with FY2-m1 (a; For each inoculation combination, 192 and 189 nodules were collected and analyzed from 6 plants, respectively), GMA461-m4 (b; For each inoculation combination, 190 and 192 nodules were collected and analyzed from 6 plants, respectively), and OSA024 (c; For each inoculation combination, 191 and 190 nodules were collected and analyzed from 5 plants, respectively). N₂O emissions measured at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after decapitation (WAD) of soybean inoculated with FY2-m1 (d), GMA461-m4 (e), and OSA024 (f). The data are shown as mean ± s.e. Each inoculation combination was performed with n = 4 biological replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences between Rj2/GmNNL1 and rj2/Gmnnl1 soybean lines on the same WAD (Two-sided Student’s t-test, p < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source data file.