Fig. 3: Reversible Li plating/stripping behavior.

a–c Comparison of Li plating/stripping CE values of three electrolytes at different temperatures with modified Aurbach methods. d–f Li metal initial deposition morphology (0.5 mA cm⁻², 5 mAh cm⁻²) at −40 °C for different electrolytes. g–i Morphology of Li metal after 100 cycles (0.5 mA cm⁻², 0.5 mAh cm⁻²) in different electrolytes at −40 °C. j, k Li plating/stripping behavior of Li | |Li symmetric cells (0.5 mA cm⁻², 0.5 mAh cm⁻²) at 25 °C and −40 °C, respectively. l Critical current density of three electrolytes at 25 °C in Li | |Li cell, with the current increasing by 0.2 mA cm⁻² every cycle. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.