Fig. 2: Fabrication and characterization of IMBSs.

a Schematic diagram illustrating the preparation of producers for IMBSs, with a solid to liquid ratio of 2. b Morphology of the Borosilicate bioactive glass (BSG) particles derived from high-temperature melting (white bar = 20 μm; black bar = 5 μm). c Morphology of the magnetothermal nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized via the hydrothermal method (blue bar = 1 μm; black bar = 200 nm). d Surface morphology of the pre-cured 5-MNP-BSG sample (white bar = 100 nm; yellow bar = 50 nm). e pH value and temperature variation of IMBS pastes during the curing process (n = 3 independent experiments). f Temperature variation of IMBS pastes during the curing process (n = 3 independent experiments). g XRD pattern of pre-cured IMBSs following 24 h of curing time. h–j FT-IR spectra of setting liquid, BSG, and IMBSs after 24 h of curing time.