Fig. 3: Mechanistic investigation of HCONH2 electrosynthesis.

a Free energy diagrams for proposed reaction pathways on α-PtO2-(110). b–d Schematic diagram of pathway 1, 2, and 3 for HCONH2 synthesis during the co-oxidation of EG and NH3 over the surface of α-PtO2-(110). e In situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra during the reaction for the formation of HCONH2 in 4.0 M EG + 1.0 M NH3 + 0.5 M KHCO3 electrolyte over Pt foil catalyst. f In situ DEMS signals for m/z = 46 (H2NCH2O), 45 (H2NCHO), 30 (CH2O), and 16 (NH2) species. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.