Fig. 2: Theoretical calculation.

a Schematic diagram of Cu dissolution/reconstruction by dissolved oxygen and the construction aluminum citrate passivation layer for anti-oxidation. b Adsorption energy of AC on Cu(111), Cu(110), and Cu(100) surface. Insets are the corresponding adsorption models. c Adsorption energy of O2 on OD-Cu and AC-OD-Cu surfaces. Insets are the corresponding adsorption models. Orange red: Cu; purple: Al; dark gray: C; red: O; white: H.