Fig. 5: Continuous-flow enzymatic epoxidation of various olefins.

a cyclooctene, b cyclohexene, c styrene, d 1-heptane, e 1-octene, and f α-pinene. For Fig. 5a−c, the reaction was performed using enzyme@IP prepared with 5.1 mL PBS (0.05 M, pH 7.4) and 0.9 mL CALB solution (8 mg mL⁻¹ of protein). The mobile phase consists of 0.5 mol L⁻¹ olefin and 0.75 mol L⁻¹ H₂O₂ in ethyl acetate, flow rate = 0.8 − 1 mL h⁻¹, 35 ^oC. For Fig. 5d−f, the reaction conditions were the same as in Fig. 5a, except that the volume of enzyme@IP was doubled and 0.75 mol L⁻¹ n-octanoic acid was added to the mobile phase. Additionally, for Fig. 5f (α-pinene epoxidation), 0.5 g of Na₂HPO₄ was added into internal aqueous phase of enzyme@IP. Residence time: 3–3.8 h (Fig. 5a–c); 6–7.5 h (Fig. 5d–f).