Fig. 4: Important interaction effects of species traits on abundance–distance relationships (Fisher’s Z) for 3060 animal species.

Negative Fisher’s Z scores (left of dotted line) indicate an ‘abundant-centre’ distribution effect, derived from a linear model weighted by the number of abundance observations per species. Interactions modelled as marginal joint effects (Table S5) for a Group × Feeding guild, b Group × log10 Body size (cm; g), c Group × Absolute latitude (°) and d) log10 Body size (cm; g) × Absolute latitude (°). a Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.