Table 3 Tests for phylogenetic signals in abundance–distance relationships for birds, freshwater and reef fishes, mammals, and plants

Species group

AIC_λ=0^a

AIC_λ=1^a

AIC_λfit^a

λ_fit estimate^a

Birds

484.3

2251

484.3

<0.0001

Fishes

−813.4

241.5

−813.4

<0.0001

Mammals

318.5

510.8

318.5

<0.0001

Plants

−664.9

64.2

−683.3

0.177***

b) Test for phylogenetic signals in residuals of models with increasing complexity.

Species group

λ_{grand mean}^a

λ_fixed^a

λ_interactions^a

Birds

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Fishes

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Mammals

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Plants

0.177***

<0.0001

<0.0001