Fig. 5: Carrier dynamics.

a–c Data for P-45 heterostructure. a TRPL decays at 285 K (red), 35 K (dark red), and 6 K (brown). b Recombination rate analysis using Eq. (2). c Injection dependence for lateral ambipolar diffusivity and mobility, with and without light bias, when the grating period was 1.2–6.8 μm. d Recombination rates for all samples. Insets indicate that radiative recombination dominates with P-doping and tunneling recombination due to trapping is observed for other samples.