Fig. 7: Realizing high-power Ah-level anode-free pouch cells.

a Schematic illustration of battery configuration and components of the multi-layer Ah-level anode-free sodium metal batteries pouch cell. b Key parameters of the battery components and the size of the pouch cell. Cycling performance of the 1.2 Ah anode-free pouch cells at charging/discharging rate of (c) 0.5 C and (e) 1 C, following three formation cycles at 0.1 C. The voltage-capacity profiles of pouch cells cycled at (d) 0.5 C and (f) 1 C (Supplementary Note 9). g Total weight of the 1.2 Ah anode-free pouch cell. h Comparison of power density and energy density of Ah-level sodium-ion pouch cells and Ah-level sodium-metal pouch cells9,10,11,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103.