Fig. 4: PHE activity evaluation of the photocatalysts at 40 °C.

a Photocatalytic H2 evolution rates and b AQE for H2 evolution of the photocatalysts, the error bars are defined as standard deviation, and the center of each error bar represents the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3). c Photocatalytic H2 evolution rates of PtSA/NP-TiO2 and PtSA/NP-TiO2-xBx with different Pt content. d The PHE summary of the previously reported Pt-modified-photocatalysts and M-TiO2-based (M stands for metal) photocatalysts (reaction temperature ≥ 40 °C), the numbered data of photocatalysts are as follows: 1) Pt(1.0%)/TiO2, 2) Cu(0.01%)/Pt(1.0%)/TiO2, 3) Ni(0.01%)/Pt(1.0%)/TiO2, 4) Pd(0.01%)/Pt(1.0%)/TiO2, 5) PtCu-TiO2, 6) PtSA-TiO2, 7) Pt/TiO2-101, 8) 1 wt %Pt-TiO2, 9) 1 wt% Pt-g-C3N4, 10) 1%Pt/ZIS, 11) 1%Pt-TiO2, 12) 1%Ag/TiO2, 13) CuSA-TiO2, 14) 1%Au-1%Ag/TiO2, 15) Ag@SiO2@TiO2NS/Au, 16) Rh/TiO2, 17) 1%Au/TiO2, 18) InSA/TiO2. (summarized in detail in Supplementary Table 6). e PHE cycling stability of PtSA/NP-TiO2-xBx. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.