Fig. 3: Foliar affinity AIM-12S/R and AIM-12S/R@β-CD at 200 μg·mL-1 on the rice leaf surfaces.
From: Chiral dependence of multifunctional supramolecular materials in crop protection
A Time-lapse images of dynamic contact angle evolution over 180 s. B Contact angle values over time within 180 s. C Dynamic surface tension (DST) over 38 s. D Macroscopic comparison between untreated and treated leaves. E, F High-speed imaging of droplet splashing from 30 cm (E) and rebound from 15 cm (F). G Time-resolved normalized contact diameter (Dt/D0), derived from Supplementary Movie 2). H Time-resolved normalized rebound height (Ht/D0), derived from Supplementary Movie 2. I Liquid holding capacities of rice leaves after spraying at a 30° angle with various formulations. J SEM images showing surface deposition. The concentration of AIM-12S/R in each system was maintained at 200 μg·mL−1, with molar ratios of AIM-12S/R to β-CD set at 1:1. In panels (I), data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences for the immersion method, and uppercase letters for the 30° spraying method (n = 10, p < 0.05). All experiments were performed with a minimum of three biological replicates, with sample sizes indicated in the corresponding figures. Source data are available in the Source Data file.
