Fig. 2: Multi-grain-domain carrier transport in perovskite films.

PL intensity images of individual GDs obtained by the PL-scanned imaging microscopy with the focused laser beam fixed at the indicated positions (Exc.) for a control, post-treated by b CE-Cs and c CE-Rb. The white dashed lines are the approximate boundary lines of the GDs. Insets: optical images of the films. d The cumulative number of photons at different positions. Comparison of the carrier transport kinetics extracted at a position with a transport distance of e 1.0 μm and f 2.0 μm in the control, CE-Cs, and CE-Rb-based films. g Schematic illustration of the excited carrier transport process. The “c” represents carrier, the 0, 1, and 2 represent the GD at the excitation point, the adjacent and sub-adjacent GDs, respectively.