Fig. 3: Characterization of multi-state, nonvolatility and frequency response.
a Resonance shift as a function of the number of consecutive pulses, each with a width of 10 μs and an amplitude of −6V. The box plots illustrate the variation of each state under a 50 time pulse configuration operation. Ensuring repeatability and non-overlapping resonance states, a total of six distinguishable optical states were identified. b Time dependence of three optical states observed over a period of 105 s after one-time write. The specific pulse configurations applied during this period are represented in the figure. With the observed stability, the expected retention period for these optical states exceeds 10 years33. c The endurance performance of two optical states under specific pulse configurations as indicated. We show the ferroelectric cycling endurance against material fatigue stable over 106 cycles, and a mild shift in the resonance window extending to 107 cycles. The slight reduction in the resonance shift over 106 cycles may be attributed to minor ferroelectric fatigue effects in HZO. d The dependence of the available optical state number on pulse width, frequency, and the number of pulses during operation. The inset provides insight into the variation in operational states when a single pulse is applied. e Pulse sequence and results for measuring the optical and electrical responses after erase and write operations. Specifically, the erase pulse is characterized by 10 μs and 3 V, while the write pulse features 10 μs and −6 V. Continuous measurement of the optical response is conducted using a high-speed photodetector, with signals during pulse operations removed due to the disturbance caused by the grounded channel. The electrical readout pulse is applied with 1 μs and 0.1 V on the drain electrode, with the source electrode grounded. The readout signal is represented by the source-drain current.
