Fig. 2: The concentration variation of PIP in water or TMC in n-hexane affected the membrane performance, with 4 × 10−3 mol L−1 PCl3 in n-hexane.

A Water permeance and xylose rejections, and B salt rejections by NF membranes fabricated with gradually increased PIP in water and fixed 0.10 wt% TMC in n-hexane. C Water permeance and xylose rejections, and D salt rejections by NF membranes fabricated with fixed 2.0 wt% PIP in water and gradually increased TMC in n-hexane.