Fig. 2: Operando and ex-situ STXM results of scNMC. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Operando and ex-situ STXM results of scNMC.

From: Strain-associated nanoscale fluctuating lithium transport within single-crystalline LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode particles

Fig. 2

a SEM image of scNMC. b Absorption spectra (Ni L3-edge) of as-synthesized scNMC (Ni2+) and fully charged scNMC (Ni3.7+) samples. c Schematics of an operando microfluidic cell. The scNMC/Pt working electrode is positioned on the SiNx X-ray window, while the Li metal counter/reference electrode is placed outside the microdevice. The inset shows an overall cross-sectional view of the cell. d Electrochemistry curves at 0.1 C (0.207 mA/cm2), and 3 C (6.216 mA/cm2) during operando STXM. Lithium concentration maps at e, f, g 0.1 C and h 3 C cycling. Each pixel is 45 nm in size. The numbers below each frame indicate the average lithium concentration of each frame. i Ex-situ STXM results of scNMC after a relaxation period of 120 h using coin-type half-cell samples. j Evolution of the heterogeneity of particles on the same electrode during cycling. The gray trend line shows the heterogeneity changes observed at 0.1 C and 3 C rates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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