Fig. 1: Overview of the study.

a Overview of the LINS framework. b Illustration of the KED and MAIRAG algorithms. c Clinical applications of LINS are demonstrated through assisting physicians in evidence-based medical practice and helping patients with medical order explanation. d Seven multiple-choice objective evaluation datasets and three human evaluation datasets, where blue indicates that the dataset is a public dataset, and pink indicates that the dataset is a physician-curated and internet-isolated dataset.