Fig. 3: LINS can assist physicians in evidence-based medical practice.

a Illustration of LINS assisting physicians in evidence-based medical practice. The PICO question represents a clinical question reformulated according to the PICO principle to make it searchable and answerable. b The Hierarchical Retrieval Database is specifically designed to support LINS in assisting evidence-based medical practice. c One hundred resident physicians were invited to conduct 3000 EBP practice evaluations. Firstly, they assessed whether LINS-o1-preview and o1-preview could assist them in evidence-based medical practice and listed the reasons if they could not. d Secondly, they evaluated which of LINS-o1-preview and o1-preview generated better evidence-based recommendations. The integers in the figure represent the number of questions. e Evaluation of resident physicians’ perceptions regarding the assistance of LINS-o1-preview in evidence-based medical practice. f Multidimensional evaluation results by five attending physicians assessing the quality of final answers obtained by resident physicians with assistance from LINS-o1-preview and o1-preview. g Assessment by five clinical physicians on whether the evidence citations in the final answers, facilitated by LINS-o1-preview and o1-preview, enhance the credibility of the responses. Statistical significance was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (two-sided). No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons (p = 7.57e-7). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.