Fig. 5: Sizing pores formed by in-pore chemical reactions.

a, b I_ion traces under various V_b with MnCl₂ (a) and CaCl₂ (b) in cis. No spikes are observed at V_b smaller than −0.2 V and −0.5 V for MnCl₂ and CaCl₂, respectively. c Logarithmic I_p histograms with MnCl₂ under varying V_b revealing no peaks. d Logarithmic I_p distributions with KF added to trans. Pronounced peaks signify the formation of small pores of a well-defined size. Solid curves are Gaussian fits to the peaks. e Plots of the peak positions in (d) as a function of V_b. The red line is a linear fit. The dashed line points to zero current for the sake of visualizing the voltage offset. The inset image depicts the size of the pore estimated from the voltage dependence of I_p, allowing F⁻ translocation in its dehydrated form. f, g Ensemble-averaged ionic current spike showing the onset (f) and tail lineshapes under different V_b: 0.4 V (red), 0.5 V (green), 0.6 V (blue), 0.7 V (purple), 0.8 V (dark yellow), 0.9 V (orange), and 1.0 V (pink). h The slope r of the ionic current rise (red) and fall (blue) in (f, g), respectively.