Abstract
Soft actuators enable versatile and adaptable robots capable of operating in unstructured environments and close to humans. Soft electrostatic actuators utilizing electrohydraulic principles are particularly promising, combining all-around actuation performance with portable driving electronics. These electrohydraulic actuators harness liquid dielectrics enclosed in solid dielectric shells to sustain high electric fields; the liquid dielectric however constitutes most of the actuator mass, limiting power-to-weight ratio. Here, we present ultralight soft electrostatic actuators based on solid-liquid-gas architectures: the introduction of gaseous dielectrics as a third phase substantially improves power-to-weight ratio by reducing actuator mass and increasing actuation speed. Through theoretical and experimental analyses, we pinpoint the fundamental performance limit as the electrical breakdown in the gas, governed by Paschen’s law, thereby providing a guideline for selection of gaseous dielectrics. Using the Peano-HASEL (hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic) actuator as a model system, we identify a gas mixture of C4F7N and CO2 that enables outstanding specific energy of 51.4 J kg-1 (a nine-fold improvement over conventional Peano-HASELs); using ambient air as gaseous dielectric we still achieve 33.5 J kg-1 and a power-to-weight ratio of 1600 W kg-1 (a five- and eleven-fold improvement). We illustrate these enhanced performance metrics in a jumping robot, showing a 60% increase in jump height, highlighting the wide potential of ultralight soft electrostatic actuators for adaptable and agile robotic systems.
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Data availability
Measured data and analysis code used to generate the main text figures are available in a public repository at https://doi.org/10.17617/3.83PLAQ. Source data are provided in this paper.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Max Planck Society, Germany. We thank the International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems (IMPRS-IS) for supporting H.-J.J. and T.F.
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H.-J.J., P.R., and C.K. designed research; H.-J.J., T.F., and X.L. performed research; H.-J.J., T.F., X.L., A.S., S.J.A.K., and P.R. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; H.-J.J., T.F., and X.L. analyzed data; H.-J.J., T.F., X.L., A.S., S.J.A.K., P.R., and C.K. wrote the paper; P.R. and C.K. supervised the research.
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C.K. is a coinventor on three patents, which cover the fundamentals and basic designs of HASEL actuators (assignee of all three patents is the Regents of the University of Colorado: US Patent 10995779B2, granted 2021-05-04; US Patent 11486421B2, granted 2022-11-01; and US Patent 11408452B2, granted 2022-08-09). C.K. is a cofounder of Artimus Robotics, a start-up company that commercializes HASEL actuators. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Joo, HJ., Fukushima, T., Li, X. et al. Ultralight soft electrostatic actuators based on solid-liquid-gas architectures. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69463-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69463-4
