Abstract
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has approached that of silicon-based counterparts, yet their limited long-term stability remains a critical obstacle to commercialization. In this study, laser scribing is identified as a crucial factor affecting the stability of perovskite solar modules (PSMs), as evidenced by the differing degradation rates observed between PSMs and PSCs. Detailed characterization reveals that the P1 scribe areas exhibit poor crystalline quality and accelerated degradation, primarily due to mismatched crystallization kinetics. Furthermore, the P2 and P3 scribing processes induce localized thermal damage, resulting in material decomposition that further undermines module stability. Therefore, we propose a strategy for regulation of perovskite crystallization kinetics by (E)-But-2-ene-1,4-diamine dihydrochloride, which promotes high-quality, preferentially oriented perovskite films to enhance their environmental tolerance. As a result, PSMs with aperture areas of 25 cm² and 100 cm² achieve impressive efficiencies of 24.70% and 23.89%, respectively. Notably, the 100 cm² PSM attains a certified record efficiency of 23.55%. Furthermore, unencapsulated PSMs retain 93% of their initial PCE after 3,120 hours of storage in ambient air (~15% RH), following the ISOS-D-1 standard. This work provides a module-level perspective for advancing the understanding and improvement of long-term stability in perovskite photovoltaics.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thanks for support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF1401100 and 2024YFB3815200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (52527804, 22461142139, 52573277, 52263027, 22379060 and 52463021) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20242BAB24002 and 20231ZDH04036). Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20241202124937050). A portion of this work is based on the data obtained at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) and Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). We thank the 1W1A-Diffuse X-ray Scattering Beamline of BSRF and BL16B1, BL02U2 and BL03HB of SSRF for providing technical support and assistance in GIWAXS data collection. We acknowledge the supports from Wilson Tang Brilliant Energy Science and Technology Lab (BEST Lab) and Materials Characterization & Preparation Facility (MCPF) at HKUST (Guangzhou). The author expresses gratitude to the Center of Analytical and Testing Nanchang University for its valuable assistance in Micro-FTIR testing.
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Y.X., B.F. and H.L. contribute equally to this work. Y.C., X.H., Y.Z., S.Z., Z.C., C.G., H.L., B.F. and Y.X. conceive of the concept, design the experiments, analyse the data for this work and write the manuscript. Y.X., B.F. and Z.C. fabricate and characterize the various photoelectric properties for the perovskite solar cells and films. B.F. and C.G. conduct the stability characterization and application demonstration experiments. Y.X., S.Z. and B.F. analyse and measure the defect density and morphology of perovskite films. Y.X., H.L. and B.F. complete nucleation and crystallization analysis for the perovskite films. B.F. and Y.X. fabricate the large-area PSMs. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the writing of the paper.
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Xie, Y., Fan, B., Li, H. et al. Regulating perovskite crystallization kinetics at laser scribe lines for efficient and stable perovskite modules. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69685-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69685-6
