Fig. 1: Oral microbes are involved in dysbiosis and microbial interactions during carcinogenesis.

As gastric lesions develop from inflammation to cancer, the abundance of the dominant colonizer H. pylori decreases, while that of oral-associated microbes increases. Oral-associated microbes co-occur with each other and have complex interactions with other microbes. The direct effects and indirect effects are shown by solid and dashed arrows, respectively. Created with BioRender.com.