Fig. 4: Composition, host distribution, and correlation of VFGs with ARGs.

A Overall abundance of VFs across the examined samples. B Relative abundance of different VFG categories identified in the samples. C Strain-level distribution of VFGs among different host species. D Procrustes analysis illustrating the co-occurrence patterns between ARGs (green) and VFGs (purple). E Spearman’s correlation analysis of Richness indices for ARGs and VFGs across samples.