Fig. 1: Indian and Indo-Immigrant Microbiotas are Distinct from Westernized Groups.

A Pielou’s Evenness (H = 85.7, p = 1.07e-17). B Shannon’s Diversity (H = 79.8, p = 1.89e-16). Beta diversity was explored with Bray Curtis dissimilarity and Weighted UniFrac, using Pairwise Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) to test differences between groups. C Bray Curtis principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot shows 26.3% of variation was captured on the first two axes. D Weighted UniFrac PCoA plot shows 61.8% of the variation was captured on the first two axes. Pairwise comparisons results can be found in Table S1. E LEfSe (Linear discriminate analysis Effect Size) cladogram results, depicting differentially abundant bacteria across cohorts, with genus set as lowest taxonomic rank. *** = q \(\le\) 0.001, ** = q \(\le\) 0.01, * = q \(\le\) 0.05. Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between the first and third quartiles, the horizontal line indicates the median, and whiskers are the upper and lower values within 1.5 times the IQR.