Fig. 6: Significant Intake of Ultra-Processed Food and Alcohol are Drivers in the Westernized Gut Microbiota. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 6: Significant Intake of Ultra-Processed Food and Alcohol are Drivers in the Westernized Gut Microbiota.

From: The adoption of a westernized gut microbiome in Indian Immigrants and Indo-Canadians is associated with dietary acculturation

Fig. 6

Middle bands are the median values, top and bottom boxes display the first and third quartiles, and whiskers are the min and max values. Indian (n = 61), Indo-Immigr (n = 32), Indo-Can (n = 23), Euro-Can (n = 41), Euro-Immigr (n = 23). (A) Calories from Group 4 Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) was counted for each subject from the ESHA dietary reports then compared to total average daily caloric intake. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons, with adjusted p values displayed. (B) Fiber intake was normalized per 1000 kcal for each subject. An ordinary one-way ANOVA was performed, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons, with adjusted p values displayed. Graphs (A) and (B) were generated in Prism. (C) Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) plot was generated using Weighted UniFrac distance matrix from 16S rRNA gene amplicon data. This dbRDA plot depicts the distribution of samples and their associations with lifestyle factors. Each dot is a sample, colour coded by cohort. Variance inflation factor values ranged between 1.14 (vegetarian) – 1.38 (pescetarian), indicating each variable uniquely contributed to the model.

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