Fig. 4: Statistics of experimental device parameters (∼1343 points).

a \({V}_{{oc}}\) versus −HOMO. b \({V}_{{oc}}\) versus −LUMO. c \({J}_{{sc}}\) versus \({{E}}_{g}\). d \({J}_{{sc}}\) versus \({M}_{w}\). e The data distribution of Eg for the N-type OPVs dataset. f Schematic illustration of band gap alignment between donor materials and NFAs. In state-of-the-art polymer: NFA systems, the \({J}_{{sc}}\) is jointly contributed by the large-band-gap polymer donor and narrow-band-gap NFA with complementary optical absorption profiles. The green arrows show the transfer of electrons upon photoexcitation. The red arrows show the transfer of holes upon photoexcitation.