Fig. 7: Performance of the FC-NODE model on test data. The lines denote predictions from the model, while the open circles denote the test data from MD simulations.

The solid blue line, the black dash-dot line, and the red dashed line represent the mixed layer (I), the surface (II), and the bulk gas (III) occupation probability dynamics, respectively. a 119 Ar+ impacts at 49 eV energy. b 261 Ar+ impacts at 51 eV energy.